|
|
楼主 |
发表于 2011-12-5 06:06
|
显示全部楼层
十大语义网产品 2010、2009、2008
2008十大语义网产品
Top 10 Semantic Web Products of 2008
Written by Richard MacManus / December 2, 2008 9:57 AM
In 2008 we saw the Semantic Web gain traction, giving us plenty of choice when selecting the 10 best Semantic Web products of 2008.
This is the first in a series of posts we';ll publish over December, listing our choices for the top web products of the year. Then at the end of December, we';ll post a Top 100 list - which we';ll be promoting over 2009 and opening up at some point for public voting. Without further ado, let';s jump into the top 10 Semantic Web products of 2008.
Earlier this month we posted an update to 10 Semantic Web applications that we have been tracking for a year now. Some of those make this list, as well as some from our follow-up post 10 More Semantic Apps to Watch. We also have a couple of other products in this list, which for one reason or another didn';t get mentioned in our watch-lists.
You may disagree with our selections, so do tell us in the comments what you think.
Note: the products listed below are in no particular order
1. Yahoo! SearchMonkey
In May this year Yahoo! launched an open developer platform for search called SearchMonkey. Yahoo hasn';t had the happiest of years, but its willingness to innovate in search is to be commended. As we reported at the Web 2.0 Expo in April, SearchMonkey is a component of a major overhaul at Yahoo! across all of its properties to "rewire" for the social graph and data portability. SearchMonkey allows developers to build applications on top of Yahoo! search, including allowing site owners to share structured data with Yahoo!, using semantic markup (microformats, RDF), standardized XML feeds, APIs (OpenSearch or other web services), and page extraction.
We think this is the best use of Semantic Web by an Internet bigco this year. So for that reason SearchMonkey makes our top 10 list. Related: The Story of SearchMonkey.
2. Powerset (acquired by Microsoft in ';08)
Powerset (see our initial coverage here and here) is a natural language search engine. It';s fair to say that Powerset has had a great 2008, having been acquired by Microsoft in July this year.
At the time of the acquisition, Powerset said that it needed a bigger partner to expand its product beyond its current state of only searching Wikipedia - something we had speculated about when the rumors of the acquisition first appeared. In its own statement, Microsoft stressed how useful Powerset';s technology will be for improving Microsoft';s own search products and to "take Search to the next level." In our analysis of the deal, we noted that it was a "bold play requiring exact execution" by Microsoft.
3. Open Calais (Thomson Reuters)
At the end of 2007, ClearForest had been recently acquired by Reuters and at that point it had a Web Service and a Firefox extension. What a change a year brings! ClearForest went on to release Calais, a toolkit of products that enable users to incorporate semantic functionality within their blog, content management system, website or application.
Since launching the Open Calais API early this year, over 6,000 developers have registered with it and the service is doing more than 1 million transactions a day. Version 3.0 was released earlier this month and version 4 is expected by January 09.
4. Dapper MashupAds
In November we wrote about the recent improvement in Dapper MashupAds, a product we first spotted over a year ago. The idea is that publishers can tell Dapper: this is the place on my web page where the title of a movie will appear, now serve up a banner ad that';s related to whatever movie this page happens to be about. That could be movies, books, travel destinations - anything. We remarked that the UI for this has grown much more sophisticated in the past year.
The company believes that its new ad network will provide monetary incentive for publishers to have their websites marked up semantically. We think this has plenty of promise, so it makes our year-end list.
5. Hakia
Hakia is a search engine focusing on natural language processing methods to try and deliver ';meaningful'; search results. Hakia attempts to analyze the concept of a search query, in particular by doing sentence analysis. Over the past year Hakia has been busy extending its reach - licensing its proprietary OntoSem technology to other companies in March and announcing a Semantic API in June. It was also one of the first companies to utilize Yahoo! BOSS, by integrating their semantic parsing with the Yahoo! search index.
We think Hakia has made good progress getting its technology into the hands of third parties and making use of Yahoo';s broader index, so for that reason it';s among our top 10 for the year.
6. TripIt
Tripit is an app that manages your travel planning. With TripIt, you forward incoming bookings to plans@tripit.com and the system manages the rest.
Over the past year TripIt has continued to iterate on its feature set - introducing LinkedIn integration, better mobile functionality, more social networking features, and other goodies. In short, it';s user experience continues to rock!
7. BooRah
BooRah is a restaurant review site that we first reviewed earlier this year and has come on in leaps and bounds over 2008. BooRah uses semantic analysis and natural language processing to aggregate reviews from food blogs. Because of this, BooRah can recognize praise and criticism in these reviews and then rates restaurants accordingly. BooRah also gathers reviews from Citysearch, Tripadvisor and other large review sites.
BooRah also announced last month the availability of an API that will allow other web sites and businesses to offer online reviews and ratings from BooRah to their customers. The API will surface most of BooRah';s data about a given restaurant, including ratings, menus, discounts, and coupons.
8. AdaptiveBlue
Disclosure: AdaptiveBlue';s founder Alex Iskold is a feature writer at RWW.
AdaptiveBlue are makers of the Firefox plugin, BlueOrganizer. As we wrote in January this year, the basic idea behind BlueOrganizer is that it gives you added information about webpages you visit and offers useful links based on the subject matter.
Over the past year the company has been working on a new product, called Glue. Launched last month, Glue is a more social networking oriented version of BlueOrganizer - it connects you to your friends based around things like books, music, movies, stars, artists, stocks, wine, restaurants, and more. We think the company has diversified smartly in 2008, by integrating social networking and mobile functionality into its products.
9. Zemanta
Zemanta is a blogging tool which harnesses semantic technology to add relevant content to your posts. While it didn';t make either of our ';Semantic Apps to Watch'; lists in November, a number of commenters pointed it out as something they use. In September we covered a major upgrade to Zemanta';s service, allowing users to specify the sources they want to see in the suggestions list that Zemanta provides. Users can now incorporate their own social networks, RSS feeds, and photos into their blog posts. As we noted, this makes Zemanta a lot more appealing to established bloggers who are in less need of suggestions and more in need of automation.
Zemanta';s API is also being used by startups, including semantic bookmarking service Faviki - which we mentioned in our second Watch-list. So all up, we think Zemanta has done enough this year to be included in our top 10 list.
10. UpTake
Semantic search startup UpTake (formerly Kango) aims to make the process of booking travel online easier. In our review in May, we explained that UpTake is a vertical search engine that has assembled what it says is the largest database of US hotels and activities - over 400,000 of them - from more than 1,000 different travel sites. Using a top-down approach, UpTake looks at its database of over 20 million reviews, opinions, and descriptions of hotels and activities in the US and semantically extracts information about those destinations.
And now please let us know in the comments what you think of our selections. Do you think we';ve picked the best 10 Semantic Web products of the year?
http://bbs.w3china.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=35&ID=70340 |
|
IP卡
狗仔卡
发表于 2011-12-5 05:50
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
显身卡
roperty、rdfs:Class； 五个核心属性：rdf:type、rdfs:subClassOf、rdfs:seeAlso、rdfs:subPropertyOf、rdfs:isDefinedBy； 四个核心约束：rdfs:ConstrantResource、rdfs:range、rdfs:ConstraintProperty、rdfs:domain。 RDF Syntax构造了一个完整的语法体系以利于计算机的自动处理，它以XML为其宿主语言，通过XML语法实现对各种元数据的集成。 Ontology (本体或本体论)，原本是一个哲学上的概念，用于研究客观世界本质。目前Ontology已经被广泛应用到包括计算机科学、电子工程、远程教育、电子商务、智能检索、数据挖掘等在内的诸多领域。它是一份正式定义名词之间关系的文档或文件。一般Web上的Ontology包括分类和一套推理规则。分类，用于定义对象的类别及其之间的关系；推理规则，则提供进一步的功能，完成语义网的关键目标即“机器可理解”。本体的最终目标是“精确地表示那些隐含(或不明确的)信息”。 当前对本体的理解仍没有形成统一的定义，如本体是共享概念模型的形式化规范说明，通过概念之间的关系来描述概念的语义；本体是对概念化对象的明确表示和描述；本体是关于领域的显式的、形式化的共享概念化规范等等。但斯坦福大学的Gruber给出的定义得到了许多同行的认可，即“本体是概念化的显示规范”。概念化(Conceptualization)被定义为：C = ,其中C表示概念化对象，D表示一个域，W是该领域中相关事物状态的集合，Rc是域空间上的概念关系的集合。规范(Specification)是为了形成对领域内概念、知识及概念间关系的统一的认识与理解，以利于共享与重用。 本体需要某种语言来对概念化进行描述，按照表示和描述的形式化的程度不同，可以将本体分为完全非形式化本体、半非形式化本体、半形式化本体和严格形式化的本体。有许多语言可用于表示Ontology，其中一些语言是基于XML语法并用于语义网的，如XOL(Xml- based Ontology exchange Language)，SHOE(Simple HTML Ontology Language)，OML(Ontology Markup Language)以及由W3C组织创建的RDF与RDF Schema(RDFS)。还有建立在RDF与RDFS之上的、较为完善的Ontology语言DAML(DARPA Agent Markup Language)、OIL和DAML+OIL。 XOL是一种基于XML语法和OKBC语义的本体交换语言。它由美国生物信息学术团体设计，用于其领域的一组异构软件系统间本体定义的交换，它以Ontolingua和OML作为基础，融合了OKBC的高层表达方式和OML的语法。当前还没有支持XOL本体开发的工具，但由于它采用XML语法，可以采用XML编辑器来创建XOL文件。SHOE由马里兰大学开发，它将机器可读的语义知识与HTML文档或其他Web文档相结合，允许直接在WWW的基础上设计和应用本体。近来SHOE的语法已转向XML，它使得代理(Agents)能够收集有意义的Web页面和文档的信息，改善搜索机制和知识收集。OML由Washington大学开发，部分基于SHOE。它有四个层次：OML核心层(与语言的逻辑层相关)；简单OML(直接映射RDF和RDFS)、简化OML和标准OML。 RDF是W3C推荐的一种信息描述方式，目的是克服XML的语义限制，提供一种简单的模式来表示各种类型的资源。在RDF的基础上，RDFS建立了一些基本的模型限制。RDF具有较强的表达能力，但仍存在一些不足，如RDF没有定义推理和公理的机制、它没有说明包含特性以及没有版本控制等。 OIL建立在RDF之上，其主要优势在于以描述逻辑为基础，提供形式化语义的推理。OIL综合了三方面的技术：框架系统、描述逻辑和基于XML与RDF语法的Web语言。框架系统采用了一种类似于面向对象的方法对数据建模，提供建模原语；描述逻辑用规范化的方法表达结构化知识以及查询和推理；基于XML和RDF语法的Web语言为OIL提供语言元素。OIL的数据对象主要包括：类定义、槽定义(slot definition)以及公理定义(axiom)。类定义包括定义类型、类层次关系和槽约束或属性约束；槽定义定义实体间的二元关系，包括有原语slot-def, domain, rang, inverse, subslot-of等；公理定义由定义该本体内的一些附加规则，如类之间外延的关系有不相交、覆盖、相交、等价等。 DAML由DARPA(美国国防部高级计划研究署)主持开发，力图溶入包括RDF、OIL等的优点，它与OIL一样建立在RDF之上，以描述逻辑为基础。其主要目标是开发一个旨在以机器可读的方式表示语义关系、并与当前及未来技术相容的语言，尤其是开发出一套工具与技术，使得Agent(代理)程序可以识别与理解信息源，并在Agent程序之间实现基于语义的互操作。DAML的最早版本为DAML-ONT，但后来与OIL紧密结合形成了DAML+OIL。DAML+OIL是由美国和欧盟在DAML背景下共同开发的，它与OIL有着相同的目标，是目前应用最广的本体语言。它是RDF(S)基础上的扩展，具备充分的表达能力(如唯一性、传递性、逆反性、等价等)，具有一定的推理能力，完全确定了语义网中知识表示语言的整体框架。 当然，要实现语义网并非仅有XML和RDF就行了。更主要的技术难题还在于要让电脑可以进行过多的“思考”和“推断”，而面对纷繁复杂的问题，尤其是社会问题，人尚且难以决断，更何况计算机呢。因此，要真正实现实用的语义网还有很多工作要做。