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参考文献
[1] Landau the physicist and the man: Recollections of L. D. Landau, ed. by I. M. Khalatnikov, translated from Russian by J. B. Sykes, Pergamon Press 1989。
[2] Landau's Theoretical Minimum, Landau's Seminar, ITEP in the Beginning of the 1950's, Boris L. Ioffe, arXiv: hep-ph/0204295。
[3] Remembering Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogoliubov, D. V. Shirkov, arXiv: 0912.2424。
[4] Reminiscences about Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov, A. I. Akhiezer, Low Temp. Phys. 20 (8), August 1994 [Fiz. Nizk. Temp. 20, 845-847 (August 1994)], https://www.kipt.kharkov.ua/itp/ ... ections/bogolyubov/。
[5] 文献[1],第 32 页:
It happened that I was the last of Dau's pupils to get the Ph.D., and the last, it seems, for whom he himself administered the examinations of the theoretical minimum. Afterwards, there was a change. From then on, graduate students were assigned to his colleagues: Lifshitz, Khalatnikov, and myself, although he himself advised them. The rest of us began to administer the examinations also. At that time, there were crowds of people from the Moscow Physicotechnical Institute. We soon realized that the students were simply copying from each other the few problems in the examination. I then devised a difficult complex integral and failed one such cheat, of which I was very proud. When I told Dau of this, he began to rebuke me and demand that we should return to his standard problems. 'But, Dau,' I objected, 'these are nothing, they won't know anything else.' 'They don't need to know anything else,' he replied.
[6] 文献[1],第 232-233 页:
I became a Ph.D. student in the autumn of 1939. I had to pass the theoretical minimum. This was a difficult test, with eight examinations to get through in two or three months (I had passed one as an entrance exam). The examinations themselves were not very difficult, I thought at first, but every time one found that Landau's physics was quite different from that at the university. Dau spoke, thought, and asked questions in what seemed to be a quite different language………Each of the examinations brought unexpected discoveries. In the one on field theory, I had to derive Moller's formula for the interaction of two electrons. I knew almost by heart Heitler's widely read book on the quantum theory of radiation, and I quickly wrote down several pages of formulae. However, instead of the expected approval I heard a puzzled 'What are you doing?' My defence of Heitler was routed, and I received a short lecture on how sensible people solve problems of that kind. I then realized that Dau was referring to the semi-classical method, due apparently to Sommerfeld. The Klein-Nishina formula had originally been derived by that method. And indeed the answer could be reached much more quickly by calculating from Maxwell's equations the field of radiation due to the transition current (of an electron in a field).
Dau did not like any unnecessary complication of the mathematics. But he could at any time readily apply fresh mathematical tools if the problem was insoluble without them.
The Klein-Nishina formula was derived by I. E. Tamm (and independently by Lanczos), using the methods of quantum electrodynamics, but rigorous methods became necessary only many years later when physicists turned their attention to radiative corrections.)
[7] 廖玮,《科学思维的价值》,科学出版社,2021,附录第 2 节。
[8] 文献[1],第 11 页:
The successful applicant could then pass on to the study of the seven successive sections of the programme for the 'theoretical minimum', which includes basic knowledge of all the domains of theoretical physics, and subsequently take an appropriate examination. In Landau's opinion, this basic knowledge should be mastered by any theoretician regardless of his future specialization. Of course, he did not expect anyone to be as universally well-versed in science as he himself. But he thus manifested his belief in the integrity of theoretical physics as a single science with unified methods.
[9] 文献[1],第 301 页:
It may just be worth mentioning that 'theoretical physicist' covers an especially wide range in comparison with most other types such as optical physicist, acoustical physicist, radio physicist, nuclear physicist, etc., etc. This is reasonable, since theoretical physics permeates the whole of physics. One result is that theoretical physicists (or rather those who are described and regarded as such) often do not understand one another well, since sometimes they differ greatly in style of working, mathematical methods used, and so on. Nevertheless, if they are genuine physicists, they share theoretical physics as their common language.
[10] “朗道势垒“究竟有多高?,刘寄星,《物理》,2021 年第 10 期。
[11] 文献[2],第 3-4 页:
To be Landau’s disciple implied no privileges, only obligations. That’s because anybody could have scientific discussions with Landau and get his advice. Moreover, only a few among those who passed Landau’s minimum became his graduate students (I did not). Landau’s students enjoyed full rights as participants of Landau’s seminar. But, again, anyone could participate in his seminar, ask questions and make remarks. The obligations of the “full-right” participants were to prepare, in a regular way, in alphabetical order, review talks for the seminar. After each seminar Landau would take a recent issue of Physical Review (at that time it was not divided into sections) and point out to a speaker-to-be which papers he was supposed to report on at the seminar. As a rule, he would choose a dozen such papers from all branches of physics. Mostly, they were experimental or part theoretical-part experimental. Sometimes, it could also be short theoretical papers, such as Letters to the Editor, etc. The speaker not only had to review the paper, i.e. present its basic idea and final results, but was supposed to understand well how the results were obtained, present and explain to the audience all necessary formulae, including experimental techniques, and have his own opinion, as to whether or not the results were reliable. In short, the speaker was almost as much responsible for the reported paper (and for errors in it!) as if he were the author. A I have already mentioned, the subjects of these papers were quite varied — from particle and nuclear physics to properties of metals and liquids. Landau’s special love was the properties of alums. Landau knew well all subjects (despite the fact that he almost did not read papers, only listened to their presentations) and put questions which had to be immediately and definitely answered — general words or statements like “the author claims ...” were not accepted. In the audience there were always specialists on any subject, and they also put questions and made remarks. Therefore, it was a hard task to present such a talk. (Luckily, this would happen once or twice a year). Sometimes, when Landau was dissatisfied with the presentation of a paper, he would stop the speaker and ask him/her to go to the next issue. If such an event occurred two or three times during a given report, Landau would say: “You did not prepare your lesson! Who is the next speaker?”
[12] 文献[3],第 4 页:
Along with this, so to speak, major activity I began attending N.N.s seminar at Steklovka (Steklov Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR) ac- commodated in a lavishly glazed building slightly protruding into Leninskii Prospekt (Lenin Avenue) right opposite to what was the Academy Presidium at that time. The seminar was held once a week, and when N.N. was absent, it was conducted by Sergei Vladimirovich Tyablikov. Among the things studied at the seminar was, for example, Schwingers known series of papers.
An extremely helpful tradition at the seminar was the review of publications. At the end of each meeting the head of the seminar looked through a recent issue of a journal, like Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JRTPh) or American Physics Review, pointed out interesting articles, and gave them out to the young colleagues for abstracting. At the next meeting, the main talk was preceded by one or two five-minute essays on the previously given topics.
This system yielded two results: first, all participants were regularly briefed on the news; second, the audience was not divided into those active and those passive. If you started attending the seminar, kindly work and show with your essay what you know and how critical you can be about somebody elses results. My first essay was about the sensational statement that there existed classically stable electron orbits around the positively charged nucleus, which was published in the Physical Review. The mistake was that the quadrupole and higher multipole radiations have been neglected. That essay with the error analysis enhanced my status among the seminar participants.
[13] 谈物理学研究和教学——在中国科技大学研究生院的五次谈话, 杨振宁,曙光集,三联书店,2018 年。
[14] 文献[1],第 209 页:
The first pupils came. The unusual thing about the school was that Landau's pupils were the same age as himself, or only a few years younger. All were on familiar terms with one another and with their teacher. Their meetings were like those of able students working for their degrees, not the seminars of a world-famous scientist.
Very often the pupils would argue with the teacher. Sometimes Landau would patiently refute the views of some stubborn opponent, and sometimes he would end the argument with a much-used 'Who is teaching whom? It isn't my job to find the errors in your analysis—you should be pointing out the errors in mine.
[15] 文献[2], 第 15 页:
After that I reported our results to Pomeranchuk. Pomeranchuk decided that we had to tell them to Dau — immediately, next Wednesday. On Wednesday, Dau’s first reaction was to refuse to listen.
“I do not want to hear anything about parity nonconservation. This is nonsense!”
Chuk persuaded him:
“Dau, have patience for about 15 minutes, listen to what young people have to say.”
With heavy heart Dau agreed. I spoke not for long, perhaps, for half an hour. Dau kept silent, and then went away. Next day in the morning Pomeranchuk called me: Dau solved the parity non-conservation problem! We were supposed to come to him immediately.
By that time both of Landau’s papers — on the conservation of the combined (CP) parity and on two-component neutrinos, with all formulations, were already ready.
[16] 文献[2],第 13 页:
Initially, when Landau formulated his idea, he believed that he would find in QED what is now called asymptotic freedom. These expectations were formulated in the first papers by Landau, Abrikosov and Khalatnikov which had been sent for publication before the final result was obtained. At one of the following Wednesday visits Landau showed us their result, confirming his expectation: the effective charge in QED was decreasing with energy. Galanin and myself decided to check their calculation, because we had a desire to use this idea in our coupled system of the renormalized equations. (We did this later, in collaboration with Pomeranchuk). But the first-loop calculation demonstrated the opposite behavior. The effective charge was increasing with energy! Next Wednesday we told Landau about this and convinced him that we were right. Landau, Abrikosov and Khalatnikov’s paper which was already prepared for publication, had a sign error, drastically changing the final conclusion. S.S. Gershtein who worked at the Institute of Physical Problems at that time, wrote later in his memoir that upon returning from ITEP, Landau said:
— “Galanin and Ioffe saved me from shame.”
[17] 文献[3],第 12-13 页:
In those days our meetings with N.N. were regular and intensive, as we were busy with the preparation of a rather advanced text of our book. N.N. was very curious of the results of the Landau group and posed a task for me to estimate their reliability by constructing, for example, the second approximation (including, in modern terms, the next-to-leading UV algorithms) to the Landau-et-al solution of Schwinger-Dyson equations for verification of the stability of UV asymptotics and the very existence of a “ghost” pole.
At that time I often met Abrikosov, an acquaintance of mine since we were students. Soon after the FIAN conference Alexej let me know of the just published paper by Gell–Mann and Low. The paper dealt with the same problem but, as he said, was rather complicated for understanding and difficult to be combined with the results obtained by their group. I looked through the paper and shortly informed my teacher of its method and results that included rather complicated functional equations and some general statements of scaling properties of the distribution of electron effective charge at small distances from its center.
The scene that followed my report was quite impressive. N.N. immediately claimed that the Gell–Mann and Low approach is correct and very important, it represented the realization of the group of normalization discovered a couple of years before by Stueckelberg and Petermann (published in French!) while discussing the structure of finite arbitrariness in matrix elements that arose after removal of divergences. That group was an example of continuous transformation groups studied by Sophus Lie. It followed that the group functional equations, similar to those derived by Gell-Mann and Low, should hold in the general case, not only in the ultraviolet limit. Then N.N. added that the most potent tool in the Lie group theory was differential equations corresponding to infinitesimal group transformations. Luckily, I was acquainted with the fundamentals of the group theory.
Within the next few days I managed to reformulate the Dyson finite transformations for electron finite mass case and derive the sought functional equations for scalar propagator amplitudes of QED corresponding to group transformations as well as the relevant differential equations, i.e., Lie renormalization group equations. All the derived equations contained a specific object – the product of the electron charge squared by the transverse amplitude of the dressed photon propagator. We called this product the “invariant charge”. From a physical point of view it represents an analog of the so-called function of electron effective charge first considered by Dirac in 1933 and describing the charge screening effect due to quantum vacuum polarization. We also introduced the term “renormalization group” in the first of our publications in Doklady Akademii Nauk in 1955[6] (and Nuovo Cimento in 1956)[7]. In the second simultaneous publication[8] (after two line calculations) ultraviolet and infrared asymptotics of QED at the one-loop level were reproduced which were in agreement with the above-mentioned results of the Landau group. Also the novel two-loop solution for invariant charge was obtained which made it possible to discuss if the problem of “zero charge” is real.
[18]文献[1], 第 53 页:
In order to emphasize the power of Landau's criticism, it may be worth mentioning the very few cases he became quite uncritical. I know of two instances where his vigilance failed: the affair of the varitrons, and the 'liquidation' of the Hamiltonian concept in field theory.
The varitrons were elementary particles with variable mass, supposed to have been discovered in cosmic rays. Landau accepted this discovery without carefully considering the possible experimental errors—which, indeed, he was not capable of doing. This led him to conclude prematurely that varitrons exist. However, scientists at the Lebedev Physics Institute and in other countries showed that they do not.
Landau arrived at the need to 'liquidate' the Hamiltonian from the zero charge result. He opposed to field theory, which he practically began to reject, the diagram technique, which he regarded as having special significance, as not involving perturbation theory and the interaction Hamiltonian. Although this 'philosophy' was, as we now know, incorrect, it did not prevent him from solving the very important problem of the analytical properties of Feynman diagrams and elucidating their singularities (the Landau singularities).
[19] 文献[4]:
What contribution was made by Nikolai Nikolaevich as a theoretical physicist?
Above all, he showed how various types of kinetic equations can be derived from general laws of mechanics. As a matter of fact, this problem dates back to Boltzmann's time since he published his famous kinetic equation. However, it was believed that this equation does not need a derivation. Such a conclusion was made, for example, by Landau and Lifshitz in the first edition of their "Continuous Media" book. Bogolyubov realized that there exists a fundamental problem of derivation of kinetic equations and showed how it can be solved.
However, Bogolyubov's contribution to statistical physics certainly does not end here. He is the author of a brilliant theory of a weak nonideal Bose gas which can essentially be treated as the microscopic theory of superfluidity (the macroscopic theory of superfluidity was built by Landau. Bogolyubov introduced Green's time-dependent functions in statistical physics and also proposed a new method for describing superconductivity.
Bogolyubov's contribution to quantum field theory is equally significant. He was the first to show how the dispersion relations can be proved in the theory of elementary particles, and gave a rigorous mathematical substantiation for renormalizations in all orders of the perturbation theory. He also played a role in the development of the renormalized group theory. Finally, he was among the first who realized that color of quarks should be introduced as a new quantum number in order to "rescue" Pauli's exclusion principle.
[20] 文献[1], 第 36 页:
In 1928 a new physics institute was set up in Kharkov: the Ukrainian Physicotechnical Institute. This was done by resolution of the Ukraine government at the proposal of Academician A. F. Ioffe. As the primary problem, Ioffe noted the need for a 'decentralization of physics', the creation of a network of physics institutes throughout the country, not only in Leningrad and Moscow. In particular, he noted the need for a strong institute of physics in Kharkov, a main centre of industry and culture in the country. In explaining the significance of this plan, and comparing the state of science and technology in Germany and in France, he remarked that the greater potential of the former country was due precisely to the fact that its physics institutes were situated in many towns, whereas in France almost all scientific activity was concentrated in Paris alone.
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